Quotation for soakaway. #4. Quotation for soakaway

 
 #4Quotation for soakaway  I would just point this out to the homeowner or

If the quotation does not meet a few of these objectives, then it is of little value. The size of the soakaway should be a minimum of 1m x 1m x 1m below the bottom of the incoming pipe. A simple, small and basic soakaway will cost from £750, but most will be priced between £1000 and £1500. They try it on next door in Almeria but call the bluff with the hojas & it soon disappears. The premium BioDisc® sewage treatment system is available in four sizes for all types of domestic applications. Antonyms for soakaway at Synonyms. 216 cubic m) The CORE Water crate is ideal for use beneath gardens, pedestrian areas and vehicular traffic. Ensure piping into the soakaway. well, i hope you do because as raisingirl has said, it is illegal to discharge the contents of a lavatory into a mere soakaway. - don't discharge rainwater into a foul drain. Soakaways can receive rainwater from surface sources or buried sources (e. Mob: 07943 434 386. Calculate your soakaway size. We offer consultancy services to developers, local councils, civil engineers and individuals where advice and help is needed to design a soakaway or similar drainage structure. The list below also shows how many crates fit per m 3. " Phil Mabbett on 20th November 2023Soakaways should be at least 5m from the foundations of a house or a road according to building regulations. " I Ahmed on 17th November 2023 PD Groundworks & Resin Ltd, Halifax 5 out of 5. Register. 42 reviews / 4. UC Soakaway are designed with allowable capacity to store surface water immediate run-off from roofs and hard surfaces and the water must then be able to disperse into the surrounding soil quickly enough for the soak away to be able to cope with the next storm. Code 90004M3K. However, if this is becoming a frequent issue, or. subsidence. meanings, etymology, pronunciation and more in the Oxford English Dictionary. What We Do. Similarly some silts are also largely unsuitable, though this depends on the particle size. Then all you need to do is simple decide on the type of soakaway crate you require, and divide 1m3 by the volume of each individual crate. 1 load of gravel = 20,000. This is particularly the case where space is lacking and the soakaway size must be minimised. Help & Advice > Product Guides > Surface Water Drainage. Jan 27, 2021 - Explore Iheks's board "SOAKAWAY" on Pinterest. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence. 2 loads of sharp sand = 36,000. the back garden is on a slight slope towards the house, so they said this would remedy the problem. Before I had this work done the guttering on my side always overflowed every time it rained and poured al over my. 5m of a boundary, or an area where the water table reaches the bottom of the soakaway at any time of the year. Your soakaway should be at least one cubic metre, and be below the bottom of the feeder pipe. Soakaways are a very effective way of dealing with surface water issues by collecting it in one place and allowing it to percolate down into the ground at a gradual rate. Neighbour has no legal liability for damage. Homeseptic; Free Quotes for the Installation of Septic Tanks, Sewage Treatment Plants & Soakaways. On the next day, fill to the 300mm mark again and observe the time it takes to soakaway in […] Drain jetting. only qualified firms/people as need to know building regs/planning etc. A standard septic tank in Nigeria is 8 by 10. Or call us on 0333 242 2509 *. Citing a quote in APA Style. 8m deep) Excavated Dimensions For Septic Tank = 3m x 3m x 3. Minimum soakaway drainage field distances. 4 – Time divided by 4 = 120min/4 = 30mins. You may also have a problem with the small gravel filled hole as it may not be the right size for the projected water from the gutters which could easily flood any areas. The insides of the excavation can become smeared, particularly by mechanical diggers building a soakaway in clay soils. Hi. Lena H. They collect rainwater and allow it to slowly infiltrate into the ground to reduce run-off. 83m2 per soakaway. As for other job types, installing a new soakaway drain under a. 2 metres from a boundary. sited to take account of topography, ensuring that water is drained away from the building. Rainwater soakaways tend to be large pits filled with open stone. A soak pit or a soakaway is a closed porous chamber that is directly connected to a primary treatment unit of residential or commercial building. hallo big-all, soakaway is for roof runoff for half the house about 20sq m roof (its a small house). Please I need a quotation for a standard soakaway. However, the attenuation mechanisms operating on road runoff to reduce pollutant loadings at the discharge point below the soakaway, and within the unsaturated zone above the water table, have in the past been poorly understood. 00. Step 2. Digest 365 is one of the most widely used BRE A traditional way of disposing of surface water from buildings publications, aiding designers to support planning and and paved areas, soakaways are used remotely from a public development applications. The cost to install a septic system depends on the type, home size, and tank material. Note that. The key difference is the lack of impermeable geomembrane liner. Soakaway crates are a popular solution for managing stormwater runoff, as they allow water to percolate into the ground. Soils with a clay content of more than 20% are generally unsuitable for infiltration. @129,500. Soakaway on neighbours land. We are Homeseptic, experts in home drainage solutions. • ACO StormBrixx soakaway crates: 2. £414. Introduction. The average cost is £730 to £940 to fit a 333 litre soakaway drain, £880 to £1250 for an 800 litre soakaway drain, or £1060 to £1330 to install a 950 litre soakaway drain. Table 3 illustrates how this requirement can be affected by different operational practices. The excavation can proceed in a similar manner to any deep drainage excavation. I want builders in. Step 1. For a FREE quotation for any Septic Tank, Sewage Treatment Plant or Soakaway, replacement or installation. If you would like a fixed quotation for a new soakaway, please fill in this form with details of your project, you’ll receive a price online. NR6 5AA. 0 Soakaways or Storm Tanks The choice of soakaway or storm tank for managing the surface water runoff from a site will depend upon the depth of the ground water level for the ground surface. £518. Part of Land Science, we carry out soakage testing (also known as percolation or infiltration tests) for the design of different soakaways, including drainage fields and SuDS. 15pcs of steel rope @ 1. 40 - $3. a buried downspout connection) and may be covered with garden, lawn, or decorative stone. Similarly some silts are also largely unsuitable, though this depends on the particle size. Here at Drain 365, our experienced team of engineers can deliver quality soakaways in London. 1 load of gravel = 20,000. How to Perform the Percolation Test Calculations: V = The amount of time in seconds for the water in the test hole to drop by 1mm. 0m3 in capacity. One should be 75mm from the base and the other should be 75mm from the top. Refill the test hole right to the top (300mm) and time how long it takes for the water to drain between the two nails. We can come out and give you a free quote for your job. £27. 2. Please I would like to know how much it might cost to dig a soakaway, mean the total cost from digging to finishing including labour. 5 litres to fill a volume of this size. A conventional soakaway comprises a partially perforated cylindrical chamber, which allows the drainage of water into the surrounding. 99. Part H within the building regulations suggest that Soakaways will need to be more than 5 meters away from the property. £245. Sizing of a soakaway The length of the soakaway drains is determined by the number of bedrooms in the house and the porosity of the soil. SD 6-12-311 Rev 1 Fence End Terminal and Alternative Foundation Details. Do not rely on quotations to tell your story for you. The following rates are chargeable for our design services…. look at the last section particularly. Before I had this work done the guttering on my side always overflowed every time it rained and poured al over my. . Without proper garden drainage solutions, timber decking can be prone to rot, the likelihood of mold is increased, and the shape and finish of the structure can become distorted. 2. A worked example is as follows; 1 – Hole pre-soaked overnight. A soakaway is simply a hole dug into the ground, filled with rubble and coarse stone which allows surface water to percolate back into the earth close to where it falls. Flushing the wrong kind of items down the toilet or sink can lead to a blocked soakaway – prevention is better than the cure. Our range of Soakaway Crates include the Polypipe Polystorm, Polypipe Polystorm Lite, Aqua Storm and the Brett Martin StormCrate. The average cost to buy a septic tank ranges from £800 for a small one to £1500 for a large one. Min Order: 10 sets. Percolation Test. Soakaway on neighbours land. 25 = 4 crates required. 04/Mar/2021 10:52 AM. Soakaway are designed and constructed in a very similar way to attenuation tanks and use the same polymer crate system to create the void. Note that the storm intensity depends on Storm Return Period (The occurring importance of drenches, storm or tornadoes)Soakaways Why use a soakaway? Building Regulations require you to adequately dispose of stormwater from the building. 4268/175 = 24 lengths of rod. What is the standard size of a soakaway? Soakaway installation (labour per day) £150: £300: £240: Soakaway installation (materials) £250: £500: £350: Waste removal: £100: £300: £200: Complete soakaway cost (materials & labour) £1,000: £2,500: £2,000: Channel drain: £25: £500: £300 Obtaining Quotes and Budgeting. We specialise in the design, surveying, installation and repair of Septic Tanks, Soakaways and. A soak pit, also known as a soakaway or septic tank soakaway, is a simple and effective way to manage wastewater from a household or small-scale development. The table below shows the typical amount of trench required for the number of people in a house depending on the. BRE Digest 365 is the most used document. 26 and certain BC areas have taken it to heart, as we have found out to our expense. SD 6-12-312 Rev 1 Double Leaf - Swing Gate Plan and Elevation Details 4. Revised 2016. Not only this, but a soakaway also has other handy uses: They mitigate flooding risks during heavy rainfall, helping to prevent resultant damage to the foundations of properties. 5. View more. Chris Ellis Project Services. A soakaway is the name for a pit filled with rubble or hard core that helps water drain slowly into the soil around it. A design rainfall of 10mm over 5 minutes has been assumed to give the worst case all as Building Regulation Approved Document H. P = The maximum number of persons that the tank or plant is designed to serve. Click on the New Document option above, then drag and drop the sample to the upload area, import it from the cloud, or via a link. Rain Harvesting may be. Here are the steps required for undertaking a percolation test for foul water soakaways: Excavate a hole – Dig a hole 300mm square to a depth of at least 300mm below the proposed invert, spacing them along the proposed line of the where the soakaway would be. 5cubic of gravel @ 20k 5. The excavation can proceed in a similar manner to any deep drainage excavation. damage to walls. A 190-litre soakaway will cost between £700 and £800, while a 333-litre soakaway will cost between £800 and £850. £433. . Soakaway Consultancy. Ironsides New Member. These trial pits can be dug by hand, but tend to be excavated by mini-diggers ( CAT or JCB ). Soakaways don't work in clay soil. Below are four guidelines for setting up and following up quotations. 3. Soakaways are generally designed for small usage, like isolated residential properties and permeable ground conditions, like sand or gravel. subsidence. Area (A) = V X P X 0. Steps: To build a basic stand-alone soakaway, dig a pit in your soft turf no less than 1m2 and 1. quotation definition: 1. 450 pcs of 9" block @N140 = 63,000. Additionally, septic tanks cost between $18,092 and $81,960, or $50,019 on average for large units designed for community systems. 7 reviews / 4. Both work in the same way — removing excess water. Soak-away Cost. The two determining factors for soakaway success are the size of the area (or volume of water) to be drained and the percolation rate of the soil/sub. quotation翻译:语录, 引语,引文,语录, 价格, 报价, 公司股票在…上市。了解更多。Brayfield Construction. ”. We can help you to control and remove all kinds of unwanted water from your premises. Find recommended Soakaway in Ball Hill In Hampshire in your area with TrustATrader, the UK's most reliable website for local traders and tradesmen. Storm intensity I=mm/Hr. damage to the entire house. Local Soakaway We have found a selection of the best, most reliable Soakaway in your area. may be the pattern or a number may be linked via a storm water sewer which itself discharges to a soakaway. Specific. V = the time is seconds for the water in the test hole to drop by 1mm. We have taken down a large wall and the earth behind it thus trying to have it at one level. You can CCTV survey your drains to see where they go/if they are blocked/broken etc. 8 no. by soakaway i take it you mean a septic tank system. Individual soakaways at each gulley, etc. Providing efficient control over stormwater surface runoff, our soakaway crate systems ensure that excess water is safely retained and gradually discharged back into the soil, reducing the risk of flooding and. Every domestic building should be provided with a drainage system to remove surface water from paved surfaces, such as an access route that is suitable for disabled people, without endangering the building or the health and safety of people in and around the building. 5 litres to fill a volume of this size. ALL parts of the soakaway drainage field are required to be a minimum of: 10m from a watercourse or ditch. This means that for the standard cube set, you'll need to dig a hole that is 1730mm long by 1100mm wide. Detailed design guidance is given in BRE Digest 365 or CIRIA Report C753. 70 bags of cements @ 1850. 75m of trench if it is 1. You can click on a trader profile to find out more information, send email/SMS enquiry, or add them to your call back list. Load lorries: groundworker and labourer for one-and-a-half days @ £360 per day. Register. . 36 £518. . 1 load of soft sand = 18,000. Rainsmart Ellipse Soakaway Set Flat-Packed with Silt Trap & Lid 1 Cubic Metre. MENU. What is a Soakaway? A soakaway is a large hole dug approximately 5 meters away from the property, it is usually located under a lawn, patio or driveway. The list below also shows how many crates fit per m 3. Bampton. The fundamental difference lies in how the tank. 1. To try and ensure water is dispersed into the ground evenly and quickly you must consider the use of a soakaway in all cases. According to the BRE365 guidance, soakaways should discharge from full to half-volume within 24 hours, and this. Here at Drainage Superstore, we have a number of soakaway crates to choose from. Surface water soakaway percolation test. 8m long, 1. 3. Expect to pay between £830 and £1,140 to install a soakaway drain underneath a driveway. To test to BRE365 involves the following: First, a trial pit is excavated. 00 - $80. Make the essay more interesting. The tradesmen will likely work in pairs to fit a soakaway and shouldn't take any longer than a day in most cases to complete the work. It can land you with big bills too. So basically the difference between Septic Tank and Soak Away is that a Septic Tank is deeper and plastered then floored, while Soakaway is not given such treatment as the floor is left like that, it is. 3. @ 40000. cracked paving. The Incoterms® rules feature a series of three-letter. Brand Rainsmart. I am thinking the quotation is too expensive to construct two Soakaways. A percolation test is a test to determine the absorption rate of soil for surface water soakaways or septic drainage fields. A soakaway is simply a hole dug into the ground, filled with rubble and coarse stone which allows surface water to percolate back into the earth close to where it falls. Below is d quotation I was given. We recommend that, where possible and practicable, a client should consider commissioning soak away testing to investigate the porosity of the ground and provide design. Back story: I am having an extension built, out of all the quotes we had done only one said we need a soakaway and was quite insistent but didn't really give me a reason. £80 to £150. Brand Rainsmart. As you might expect, new or replacement septic tank installation costs can be high depending on where you live, the type of ground you have nearby and many other factors. DON'T install a soakaway within 5 meters of your home or a road, it must be installed over 5 meters away. In our first spring season, we noticed the garden was very waterlogged and pestered the builder who eventually installed a soakaway in the garden approx 1 metre from the back of the house. A soakaway is a hole that’s dug in the ground and filled with coarse stone, rubble or plastic crates (also known as soakaway crates ). If there’s a lot of water and it doesn’t drain too quickly, then it should be bigger. We are a reliable sewage system installation, replacement and maintenance company. If provided with test results, our team will provide the necessary calculations for a soakaway without obligation. They are usually employed in areas where the surface run-off cannot be disposed into existing streams or ditches. 1 load of soft sand = 18,000. The deep bore soakaway service we offer includes: No obligation quotation1st class honours qualified Civil Engineer with over 2 years of experience in sales and 1-year experience in a technical business development target-driven role. The excavation can proceed in a similar manner to any deep drainage excavation. 1). You should place an impervious layer on top of the. An 800 Litre Soakaway will cost between. At Homeseptic we predominantly use the Infiltration Tunnel 300, designed and manufactured by Graf. Where an existing soakaway shows signs of instability it is recommended that after the remedial measures have been completed the bottom two metres of the chamber be sealed with a bituthene coating protected by a 150mm thick dwarf wall formed from Class ST4 concrete. With Jotform’s PDF Editor, you can modify the quote template of your choice. Add humor. @ 96000. You can treat the soakaway as an. #4. We recommend that, where possible and practicable, a client should consider commissioning soak away testing to investigate the porosity of the ground and provide design. A soakaway crate is used as part of a full drainage system in areas that experience high levels of surface water or run-off. The results from the test allow a drainage engineer to decide if a soakaway is suitable and if so, recommend the correct size. I will upload the pictures of the two soakaways, so you can help me make a decision to approve the quotation. If you are considering having a Septic Tank installed please get in contact. A Class 1 separator is required for soakaways, Class 2 separators are designed to suit outflows to foul sewers. For those who are big fans of camping, tractor supply dog crates are good options. 1. Below are four guidelines for setting up and following up quotations. Rainsmart Ellipse Soakaway Set Assembled with Silt Trap & Lid 1 Cubic Metre. Or plumb into existing rain water system, by cutting slabs in situ and laying aco drain to where your down pipe is, providing levels work. Let Geoinvestigate’s experts quote for your next SuDS soakaway, percolation, permeability or soil infiltration test. Step 1: Work out how much drainage capacity you need. It is basically a pit in the ground into which flows rainwater drainage. Specifically, the infiltration rate must be determined using the method defined in the Soakaway test (BRE 365). Septic tank drainage field costs vary depending on its size and type. But. It takes approximately 5. Best price for a decent soakaway crate SAVE ££££s Dirt cheap (pardon the pun!) In summary, soakaways are useful and necessary in some instances. 58. Note that soakaways should be provided for all roof areas and hard standing areas within the building plot. G. Add humor. £150 to £210. 00Put 2cm of soil in a large jar filled with water, screw on the lid and shake. Soakaways can also fail over time for other reasons. Also, if the soakaway is to be installed as part of a new build development or extension then it must be marked on the building plans. Soakaway and Percolation test Soakaways have long been the traditional way to dispose of storm water from buildings and paved areas remote from a public sewer or watercourse. 50m from water abstraction points, boreholes, springs. @ 96000. In instances where punctuation would change the meaning of the quotation—that is, when the punctuation, such as a question mark or exclamation point, does not belong to the. This system allows the water to easily filter down into the ground and soak away. At best, it will do nothing. Get multiple quotes within 24 hours! 0. '. front lawns back lawns etc, in order to gain off road parking. 1 Construction of a soakaway in a residential subdivision and infiltrationSoakaway Costs. Soakaway drain systems should be installed at least a minimum of 5 metres from any property, road or boundary wall. Currently, we are based in the New Forest, Hampshire, on the south coast of England. Install Soakaway (11 products available) 200g per sqm woven geotextile fabric geo textil geotextile drainage geotextile membrane for soakaway $0. 3. The percolation test calculations for a soakaway are as follows. Refill the test hole right to the top (300mm) and time how long it takes for the water to drain between the two nails. The secret is to design your soakaway for catchment areas of 25m2 or less. Soakaway Design at (For guidance only) Total area to be drained. The insides of the excavation can become smeared, particularly by mechanical diggers building a soakaway in clay soils. You should place an impervious layer on top of the. A new septic system costs $3,500 to $8,500 installed for a conventional septic tank. Noun [ edit] soakaway (plural soakaways) (chiefly UK) A deep hole used for drainage, where rainwater and other wastewater drains directly into the ground, without connection to any mains drainage or sewerage pipes. The cost to install a septic drain field ranges from £3,000 – £. As part of a full drainage system it is an efficient and low environmental-impact way of dealing with surface water (also called runoff, rain water or storm water). Buy soakaway crates at: Full soakaway crates installation demonstration: in Chelsea. . ALL parts of the soakaway drainage field are required to be a minimum of: 10m from a watercourse or ditch. A further amount of a minimum of 150mm of the soil that was excavated can then be shoveled back in and firmly tamped down – this will minimise any depressions caused by ground settlement. Percolation test procedure for surface water soakaways. Essentially, a soakaway is a hole in the ground, usually located in your back garden, that is filled with rubble, and is designed to catch runoff and stormwater caused by heavy rainfall. Soakaway in Chelsea Browse trusted local Soakaway in Chelsea on TrustATrader, all vetted, with photos of completed work, and reviews from previous customers. Other than that it depends on how much. ) Crate soakaways are also less likely to silt up and fail, reducing costs down the line. in Preston, lancs. Fill with large chunky clean rubble or 20mm gravel to about 5" from the top. As an aid, mark a stick 300mm from one end, place in the hole and fill up to the mark. There are effectively two steps in the design process, the determination of whether infiltration. How to install: To use non-woven fabrics in a soakaway system, wrap every side of your crate in the geotextile fabric and fix it in place with staples or strong tape. For more complex and larger domestic installations, expect to pay upwards of £3000. This will then drain into attenuation or soakaway crates that will be placed under the front drive. It allows water to filter through it, and literally soak into the ground ( away ). 5 m for permeable areas up to 100m2draining to the. cutting, bending, placing in position and tying with wires. Even then most Building Control officers will still prefer or insists that any. 20 for sewage treatment units and. Country. The cost of constructing these drainage systems varies according to the size, cost of building materials, and cost of services in that particular location. Any area over 25M2 comes under BRE Diges. They are also referred to as dry wells, soak wells or soak pits in other countries, but in the UK are known as soakaways. For a Labrador or Golden Retriever, large dog crates are needed, while for Chihuahua or West Highland, small dog kennels are sufficient. 6. In this guide, we will look at what a soakaway is and how it relates to a septic tank. 8m x 1. Using a spade (shovel), cut small patches of sod out and dig down every 6 feet or so. Before dismissing soakaways in clay I'd dig a hole and do a percolation test, our entire estate is built on clay and all the houses have soakaways. (v) Septic drainfield or soakbed trench. Passionate in self-development whilst ensuring client's satisfaction, constant development of economical solutions and consistently delivering exceptional results. ALL parts of the soakaway drainage field are required to be a minimum of: 10m from a watercourse or ditch. Size Of Soakaway and Septic Tank. Code 90004M3K. Average time to seep away from 75% to 25% =. Build credibility for your essay. A borehole for soakaways is constructed in a similar way to water boreholes we drill and install the soakway boreholes using British Standard casing. Less often, soakaways are also used to dispose of effluent from septic tanks, known as "leaching fields". In Soakaway application it is the aim to disperse water into the sub-soil. Browse trusted local Soakaway in Bank In Greater London on TrustATrader, all vetted, with photos of completed work, and reviews from previous customers. Digging @ 20k 6. 4. 5 meters from the boundary. ” -President Nixon. Percolation Test. Rainwater Soakaways. Here’s a quick run through the basic steps of soakaway installation: Dig out a pit in the ground for your crates to sit in. Soakaway test (BRE 365) Greater Manchester. 33 litres/second. 20 tons of sharp sand. As part of a full drainage system it is an efficient and low environmental-impact way of dealing with surface water (also called runoff, rain water or storm water). William and the lads were excellent workers, proffesional, punctual and polite they designed and completed the work to a very high standard and I. uk or phone 07050 184360 for a quotation. UC Soakaway are designed with allowable capacity to store surface water immediate run-off from roofs and hard surfaces and the water must then be able to disperse into the surrounding soil quickly enough for the soak away to be able to cope with the next storm. a %%ustandard soakaway. Here at Drainage Superstore, we have a number of soakaway crates to choose from. 15m from any building, and sufficiently distant from any other soakaway, including roof water. All soakaway systems need to be at least 5 metres away from your property; if the areas surrounding your property don't span more than 5 metres you can't install one, and you must consider alternatives. Poking it into the ground near your house will cause problems. See moreFor projects like soakaways, where the finer details can be the difference between a £500 project and a £5000 one, I suggest you source at least three quotes from local. “Always go to the bathroom when you have a chance. 50m from water abstraction points, boreholes, springs. Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS 25) “Development and Flood Risk” encourages the use of sustainable drainage systems for all proposed construction work. OX18 2HL. 25m3 of water, so 1m3 divided by 0. A good quotation should do one or more of the following: Make an opening impact on the reader. soakaway, n. However, soakaways any deeper than around 3. Soakaways Allow for all excavation, disposal, earthworks, surface treatments, sub-bases, geotextile, soakaway crates and the like; allow all associated work C 7500 x 7500 x 1200 deep approximately overall ASSUMED 1 Nr UNP D 19200 x 9600 x 1200 deep approximately overall ASSUMED 1 Nr UNP E 20000 x 14000 x 1200 deep approximately. Step by step guide to installing soakaway garden drainage. Adding a filter to your soakaway will stop silt and dirt clogging up your soakaway. He explains the process of how to constr. When it comes to the. 00. connection of new storm water run off to existing drainage is only possible if you are already on a combined (foul + storm) drainage system or if you know whereabouts of soakaway or type of storm water disposal - ie into land drain / ditch. 360kg/m3 filled in to formwork & vibrated around steel. 4. Min Order: 1 cubic meter. soakaway (Noun) A deep hole used for drainage, where rainwater and other waste water drains directly into the ground, without connection to any mains drainage or sewerage pipes. 5 May 2020. The top layer should be filled with coarse aggregates similar to the backfill aggregate. the soakaway is located close to buildings. Soakaways have been the traditional way to dispose of stormwater from buildings and.